International Economic Sanctions have become a central instrument in global governance over the past decades, employed by both sovereign states and international organisations. More recently, there has been a shift towards ‘smart’ or targeted sanctions that aim for the political and economic elites of targeted countries (e.g. through asset freezes and travel bans) rather than a more comprehensive sanctions approach (as large-scale trade or oil embargoes) that has detrimental effects on civilian populations.
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